peringkat gunugn berapi di muka bumi yang pernah ada

Volcano—eruption[7]	Age (Ma)[n 2]	Location	Volume (km3)[n 3]	Notes	Refs
Guarapuava —Tamarana—Sarusas	132	Paraná and Etendeka traps	8,600	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcano chain.[6]	[6]
Santa Maria—Fria	~132	Paraná and Etendeka traps	7,800	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcano chain.[6]	[6]
Guarapuava —Ventura	~132	Paraná and Etendeka traps	7,600	Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcano chain.[6]	[6]
Sam Ignimbrite and Green Tuff	29.5	Yemen	6,800	Volume includes 5550 km³ of distal tuffs. This estimate is uncertain to a factor of 2 or 3.	[8]
Goboboseb–Messum volcanic centre—Springbok quartz latite unit	132	Paraná and Etendeka traps, Brazil and Namibia	6,340		[9]
Caxias do Sul—Grootberg	~132	Paraná and Etendeka traps	5,650		[6]
La Garita Caldera—Fish Canyon Tuff	27.8	San Juan volcanic field,Colorado	5,000	Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the San Juan volcanic field and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 Ma.	[10][11]
Jacui—Goboboseb II	~132	Paraná and Etendeka traps	4,350		[6]
Ourinhos—Khoraseb	~132	Paraná and Etendeka traps	3,900		[6]
Jabal Kura'a Ignimbrite	29.6	Yemen	3,800	Volume estimate is uncertain to a factor of 2 or 3.	[8]
Windows Butte tuff	31.4	William's Ridge, central Nevada	3,500	Part of the Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up	[12][13]
Anita Garibaldi—Beacon	~132	Paraná and Etendeka traps	3,450		[6]
Indian Peak Caldera Complex—Wah Wah Springs tuff	29.5	Eastern Nevada/Western Utah	3,200	Indian Peak Caldera Complex total volume over 10,000 cubic km, Wah Wah Springs tuff being the largest	[14][15]
Oxaya ignimbrites	19	Chile	3,000	Really a regional correlation of many ignimbrites originally thought to be distinct	[16]
Lund Tuff	29	Great Basin, USA	3,000	Similar in composition to the Fish Canyon Tuff	[17]
Lake Toba—Youngest Toba Tuff	0.073	Sunda Arc,Indonesia	2,800	Largest known eruption on earth in at least the last 25 million years,[contradictory]responsible for a population bottleneck of the human species (see Toba catastrophe theory)	[18]
Pacana Caldera—Atana ignimbrite	4	Chile	2,800	Forms a resurgent caldera.	[19]
Iftar Alkalb—Tephra 4 W	29.5	Afro-Arabian	2,700		[6]
Yellowstone Caldera—Huckleberry Ridge Tuff	2.059	Yellowstone hotspot	2,450	Largest Yellowstone eruption on record	[20]
Whakamaru	0.254	Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand	2,000	Largest in the Southern Hemisphere in the Late Quaternary	[21]
Palmas BRA-21—Wereldsend	29.5	Paraná and Etendeka traps	1,900		[6]
Kilgore tuff	4.3	Near Kilgore, Idaho	1,800	Last of the eruptions from the Heise volcanic field	[22]
Sana'a Ignimbrite—Tephra 2W63	29.5	Afro-Arabian	1,600		[6]
Millbrig eruptions—Bentonites	454	England, exposed in Northern Europe and Eastern US	1,509[n 4]	One of the oldest large eruptions preserved	[7][23][24]
Blacktail tuff	6.5	Blacktail, Idaho	1,500	First of several eruptions from the Heise volcanic field	[22]
Emory Caldera—Kneeling Nun tuff	33	SouthwesternNew Mexico	1,310		[25]
Timber Mountain tuff	11.6	SouthwesternNevada	1,200	Also includes a 900 cubic km tuff as a second member in the tuff	[26]
Paintbrush tuff (Topopah Spring Member)	12.8	SouthwesternNevada	1,200	Related to a 1000 cubic km tuff (Tiva Canyon Member) as another member in the Paintbrush tuff	[26]
Bachelor—Carpenter Ridge tuff	28	San Juan volcanic field	1,200	Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the San Juan volcanic field and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 Ma	[11]
Bursum—Apache Springs Tuff	28.5	Southern New Mexico	1,200	Related to a 1050 cubic km tuff, the Bloodgood Canyon tuff	[27]
Taupo Volcano—Oruanui eruption	0.027	Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand	1,170	Most recent VEI 8 eruption	[28]
Huaylillas Ignimbrite	15	Bolivia	1,100	Predates half of the uplift of the centralAndes	[29]
Bursum—Bloodgood Canyon tuff	28.5	Southern New Mexico	1,050	Related to a 1200 cubic km tuff, the Apache Springs tuff	[27]
Yellowstone Caldera—Lava Creek Tuff	0.639	Yellowstone hotspot	1,000	Last large eruption in the Yellowstone National Park area	[30]
Cerro Galán	2.2	Catamarca Province,Argentina	1,000	Elliptical caldera is ~35 km wide	[31]
Paintbrush tuff (Tiva Canyon Member)	12.7	SouthwesternNevada	1,000	Related to a 1200 cubic km tuff (Topopah Spring Member) as another member in the Paintbrush tuff	[26]
San Juan—Sapinero Mesa Tuff	28	San Juan volcanic field	1,000	Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the San Juan volcanic field and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 Ma	[11]
Uncompahgre—Dillon & Sapinero Mesa Tuffs	28.1	San Juan volcanic field	1,000	Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the San Juan volcanic field and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 Ma	[11]
Platoro—Chiquito Peak tuff	28.2	San Juan volcanic field	1,000	Part of at least 20 large caldera-forming eruptions in the San Juan volcanic field and surrounding area that formed around 26 to 35 Ma	[11]
Mount Princeton—Wall Mountain tuff	35.3	Thirtynine Mile volcanic area,Colorado	1,000	Helped cause the exceptional preservation at Florissant Fossil Beds National

Paraná - Etendeka perangkap ( atau Paraná dan Etendeka Plateau , atau Paraná dan Etendeka Provinsi ) terdiri dari provinsi berapi besar yang meliputi perangkap Paraná utama ( di Paraná Basin , sebuah Amerika Selatan basin geologi ) serta bagian-bagian yang terpotong lebih kecil dari basal banjir di perangkap Etendeka ( di laut Namibia dan daya Angola ) . Arus basal asli terjadi 128-138000000 tahun yang lalu . Provinsi ini memiliki luas permukaan pasca - aliran 1,5 x 106 km² ( 580.000 miles² ) dan volume asli diproyeksikan untuk menjadi lebih dari 2,3 x 106 km³ . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]

Sampel basalt di Paraná dan Etendeka memiliki usia sekitar 132 Ma . [ 3 ] Secara tidak langsung, rifting dan ekstensi mungkin asal Paraná dan Etendeka perangkap dan itu bisa menjadi asal dari Kepulauan Gough dan Tristan da Cunha juga , karena mereka terhubung dengan ( hotspot Gough / Tristan ) Walvis Ridge . The gunung laut dari Rio Grande Naik ( 25 ° S 35 ° S ) pergi ke arah timur dari sisi Paraná [ 4 ] [ 5 ] dan pada tahun 2013 dinilai sebagai bagian dari sistem perangkap berikut pemulihan sampel . [ 6 ] Sumber yang masih belum jelas , namun, apakah situs ini telah menjadi subyek dari apa yang mungkin telah tunggal letusan gunung berapi terbesar ledakan dalam sejarah Bumi (lihat Daftar letusan gunung berapi terbesar ) . [ 7 ]